写教案时要考虑哪些关键因素?这8个层面必须提前规划

Planning lessons and course

A written plan is evidence that you have done that thinking. It can also serve as a useful in-lesson reminder to you of your pre-lesson thoughts. Beyond that, however, it is not holy writ. It is not set in concrete. As a general rule: Prepare thoroughly. But in class, teach the learners, not the plan. What this means is that you should be prepared to respond to the learners and adapt what you have planned as you go, even to the extent of throwing the plan away if appropriate. A carefully worked-out plan is the end result of thinking logically through the content of the lesson before the lesson. It then informs your teaching in class, whether you actually follow it completely or not. Thinking through possible content and problems before class provides you with informed choices that set you free in class. But a teacher who is mainly concerned with following a lesson plan to the letter is unlikely to be responding to what is actually happening in class.

一份书面的教案是你已经进行了思考的证据。它也可以在课堂中作为提醒你课前思考的有用参考。不过，它并不是“圣经”，并不是一成不变的。一般来说：要充分准备，但在课堂上要教的是学生，而不是计划本身。

这意味着你应该做好根据学生反应进行调整的准备，甚至在适当的时候完全抛弃原计划。一份精心制定的教学计划，是你在课前对教学内容进行逻辑思考的最终成果。它将指导你在课堂中的教学，不管你是否完全照着它执行。课前对可能内容和问题的思考，会为你提供课堂上的知情选择，从而让你在教学中更自由。但如果一位老师主要关注于一字不差地执行教学计划，那他就很难真正回应课堂上实际发生的情况。

撰写教案时要考虑的因素

There are a number of general areas to think about:在制定教学计划时，有几个通用方面需要考虑：

- The learners 学习者

- How will the lesson engage the learners? 

• 这节课会如何吸引学生？

- Will they enjoy doing the lesson?

• 他们会享受这节课的学习过程吗？

- The aims 教学目标

- What will the learners achieve? 

学习者能在这堂课里实现什么？

- What are you hoping to achieve yourself?

你自己希望通过这节课达成什么目标？

- The teaching point教学要点

- What is the subject matter of the lesson – the skills or language areas that will be studied and the topics you will deal with? 本节课的主题内容是什么——即将学习的语言技能或语言点，以及你将涉及的话题？

- The tasks and teaching procedures 教学程序

- What are the things that the learners will do?学生将在课堂中做什么？

- What activities will you use?你将使用哪些活动？

- What sequence will they come in? 这些活动将以什么顺序安排？

- Materials 教学材料

- What texts, recordings, pictures, exercises, role cards, etc will you use?

你将使用哪些文本、录音、图片、练习题、角色卡等

重中之重的两点

The two key questions when planning are often considered to be: 

制定教学计划时的重要考量

- What is my procedure? (ie What sequence of tasks and activities will I use?) 

教学流程是什么？（即将采用什么样的任务和活动顺序？）

- What are the aims of the lesson? 本节课的教学目标是什么？