Part I
Professor: In the last fifty years or so, many American cities have had difficulty in maintaining a successful retail environment. Business owners in the city centers or, uh, the downtown areas have experienced some financial losses because of a steady movement of people out of the cities and into the suburbs.
In general, downtown areas just don't have that many residential areas, uh, not that many people live there. So, what if city planners decided to do about it? Well, one way they've come up with some ways to attract more people to shop downtown was by creating pedestrian malls. Now what is a pedestrian mall?
由于人们不断地从城市转移到郊区，市中心或市中心地区的企业主遭受了一些经济损失。
1. retail|ˈri:teɪl|
noun. the selling of goods to the public, usually through shops/stores 零售
E.g.: The recommended retail price is £9.99.
建议零售价为9.99英镑。
2. suburb |ˈsʌbɜ:b|
noun. an area where people live that is outside the centre of a city 郊区；城外
E.g.: Anna was born in 1923 in Ardwick, a suburb of Manchester.
安娜于1923年出生在曼彻斯特的郊区阿德维克。
rural 乡下的; urban 城市的; downtown 市中心的; uptown 市郊的
3. pedestrian|pəˈdestriən|
adj. used by or for the use of pedestrians ; connected with pedestrians 行人使用的；行人的
E.g.: Pedestrian accidents are down by 5%.
行人受伤事故下降了5%。
Part II
It's a pretty simple concept really. It's essentially, um, an outdoor shopping area, designed just for people on foot, and, uh, well, unlike many other shopping malls that are built on the suburbs nowadays, these pedestrian malls are typically located in the downtown area of the city. And there are features like wide sidewalks, comfortable outdoor seating and, uh, maybe even fountains and, you know, art.
Uh, there are variations on this model, of course. But the commondenominator is always the idea of creating a shopping space that would get people to shop in the city without needing their cars. So I'm sure you can see how having an area that's off-limits to automobile traffic would be ideal for a heavily populated city, where, well, the streets would otherwise be bustling with noisy unpleasant traffic congestion.
Now, the concept, which originated in Europe, was adopted by American city planners in the late 1950s. And since then, a number of United States cities have created pedestrian malls and many of them have been highly successful. So, what have city planners learned about making these malls succeed?
还有一些特色，比如宽阔的人行道、舒适的户外座椅，甚至还有喷泉，你知道的，还有艺术。
1. common denominator |ˈkɑmən dɪˈnɑməˌnetɚ|
a number that can be divided exactly by all the numbers below the line in a set of fractions or an idea, attitude or experience that is shared by all the members of a group 公分母或共同点
E.g.: I think the only common denominator of success is hard work.
我认为取得成功唯一的共同要素是勤奋。
2. off-limits
adj. where people are not allowed to go 不准进入的；禁止入内的
E.g.: The site is off-limits to the general public.
这个场所不对公众开放。
3. populate |ˈpɒpjuleɪt|
verb. to live in an area and form its population 居住于，生活于，栖居于
E.g.: The island is populated largely by sheep.
这个岛的主要生物是绵羊。
4. bustle |ˈbʌsl|
verb. a place that is bustling with people or activity is full of people who are very busy or lively 繁忙；活跃
E.g.: The sidewalks are bustling with people.
人行道上的行人熙熙攘攘。
5. congestion|kənˈdʒestʃən|
noun. the state of being crowded and full of traffic （交通）拥塞；塞车
E.g.: The problems of traffic congestion will not disappear in a hurry.
交通拥堵问题不会一下子就消失。
6. originate |əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt|
verb. when something originates or when someone originates it, it begins to happen or exist. 发源；来自；产生；创始；开创
E.g.: All carbohydrates originate from plants.
所有的碳水化合物均来自植物。
Part III
Well, there are two critical factors to consider when creating a pedestrian mall: location and design, both of which are equally important. Now let's start with the location. In choosing a specific location for a pedestrian mall, there are, in fact, two considerations: proximity to potential customers, um, that's what we would call customer base, and accessibility to public transportation, which we'll get to it in just moment.
Now, for a customer base, uh, the most obvious example would be a large office building, since the employees could theoretically go shopping after work or during their lunch hour, right? Uh, another really good example is a convention center, which typically has a hotel and large meeting spaces to draw visitors to the city for major business conferences and events. Um, but ideally, the pedestrian mall would be used by local residents, not just people work in the city or visiting the area, so that's where access to public transportation comes in.
Either the designers plan to locate the mall near a central transportation hub, like a bus terminal or a major train or subway station, or they work with city officials to create sufficient parking areas not too far from the mall, which make sense because if people can't drive into the mall area, well, then they need to have easy access to it.
嗯，但是理想情况下，步行商场还应由当地居民使用，而不仅仅是在城市工作或来此出差的人，所以这就该谈谈公共交通的便利性了。
1. proximity|prɒkˈsɪməti|
noun. the state of being near sb/sth in distance or time （时间或空间）接近，邻近，靠近
E.g.: The area has a number of schools in close proximity to each other.
这个地区有许多学校比邻而立。
2. customer base
all the people who buy or use a particular product or service （统称某种产品或服务的）客户群
E.g.: Several manufacturers are also nibbling away at Ford's traditional customer base.
几家制造商也在蚕食福特公司的传统客户群。
3. accessibility |əkˌsesə'bɪlətɪ|
noun. the quality of being at hand when needed; the attribute of being easy to meet or deal with 易于进入性，易于接近性；易使用性；可及性；易懂性
E.g.: The essential qualities of such a system are reliability and accessibility.
这种方法的基本特点是可靠和易接近。
4. convention |kənˈvenʃn|
noun. a large meeting of the members of a profession, a political party, etc. (组织、政治团体的)大会，大型会议
E.g.: the Democratic Party Convention (= to elect a candidate for president)
民主党代表大会（选出总统候选人）
5.hub |hʌb|
noun. the central and most important part of a particular place or activity （某地或活动的）中心，核心
E.g.: As a hub of finance and communications, Paris is now almost equal to London.
作为一个金融和交通中心，巴黎现在几乎可媲美伦敦。
6. official |əˈfɪʃl|
noun. a person who is in a position of authority in a large organization 要员；官员；高级职员
E.g.: A senior UN official hopes to visit Baghdad this month.
一位联合国高级官员希望于本月访问巴格达。
Part IV
OK, so that's location. But what about design? Well, design doesn't necessarily include things like sculptures or decorative walkways or even eye-catching window displays, you know, art, although I'd be the first to admit those things are aestheticallyappealing. However, visually pleasing sights, well, they are not a part of the pedestrian mall design that matter the most.
The key consideration is a compact and convenient layout, um, one which allows pedestrians to walk from one end of the mall to the other in just a few minutes, so they can get to the major stores, restaurants and other central places without having to take more than one or two turns. Now this takes careful and creative planning. But, now, what if one ingredient to this planning recipe is missing? There could quite possibly be long-lasting effects.
然而，视觉上令人愉悦的景观，它们并不是步行街设计最重要的一部分。
1. decorative |ˈdekəreɪtɪv|
adj. decorated in a way that makes it attractive; intended to look attractive or pretty 装饰性的；作装饰用的
E.g.: The curtains are for purely decorative purposes and do not open or close.
那些窗帘纯粹是作装饰用的，不能拉开或合上。
2. window display
a display of products shown in a store's window 橱窗陈设；橱窗展示
E.g.: We want the garments to be packed for window display.
我们要求服装要包装好便于橱窗陈列.。
3. aesthetic |i:sˈθetɪk|
adj. concerned with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things 审美的；有审美观点的；美学的
E.g.: The benefits of conservation are both financial and aesthetic.
保护自然环境在经济上和美化环境上都有好处。
4. appeal |əˈpi:l|
noun. a quality that makes sb/sth attractive or interesting 吸引力；感染力；魅力
E.g.: Johnson's appeal is to people in all walks of life.
约翰逊广受各界人士欢迎。
5. compact |ˈkɒmpækt|
adj. using or filling only a small amount of space 小而紧凑的
E.g.: The kitchen was compact but well equipped.
这间厨房虽然空间小但设备齐全。
6. layout |ˈleɪaʊt|
noun. the way in which the parts of sth such as the page of a book, a garden or a building are arranged 布局；布置；设计；安排
E.g.: This boat has a good deck layout making everything easy to operate.
这艘船的甲板布局合理，使得所有操控都很方便。
7. recipe |ˈresəpi|
noun. a set of instructions that tells you how to cook sth and the ingredients (= items of food) you need for it 烹饪法；食谱
E.g.: Each recipe specifies the size of egg to be used.
每种菜谱都具体规定了所用鸡蛋的大小。
Part V
And, uh, I think a good example is the pedestrian mall in Louisville, Kentucky, for instance. Now when the Louisville mall was built, it had lots of visual appeal.
It was attractively designed, right in a small part of downtown, and it pretty much possessed all of the other design elements for success. But, uh, now here is where my point about location comes into play. There wasn't a convention center around to help drawing visitors and, uh, the only nearby hotel eventually closed down for that same reason. Well, you can imagine how this must have affected local and pedestrian mall business owners, sort of what we call a “chain reaction”. It wasn't until a convention center and a parking garage were built about a decade later that the mall started to be successful.
直到大约十年后建造了一个会议中心和一个停车场，该购物中心才开始取得成功。
1. possess |pəˈzes|
verb. to have a particular quality or feature 具有（特质）
E.g.: I'm afraid he doesn't possess a sense of humour.
恐怕他没有什么幽默感。
2. come into play
when something comes into play or is brought into play, it begins to be used or to have an effect （使）开始活动；（使）投入使用；（使）开始起作用
E.g.: The real existence of a military option will come into play.
存在选择军事手段的切实可能这一点将会起到作用。
3. chain reaction
a series of events, each of which causes the next （事情的）连锁反应
E.g.: Whenever recession strikes, a chain reaction is set into motion.
只要经济不景气，连锁反应就开始了。
